Multiple cursors isn't a feature supported by Mac OS X by default. Some apps have it and if you want it in the rest of the system you will need too find an third part plugin. I think it would be hard to make that work even with a plugin. But if you haven't already I would recommend giving Google a try in finding one. (For complete details about recording and timing your slide shows, see Record a slide show with narration and slide timings.). To record your laser pointer movements to enhance a web-based or self-running slide show, do the following. To apply mac os cursors in Windows, open the Settings app. Go to the ' Devices ' page. Go to the ' Mouse ' page. Click on the ' Additional mouse options ' link. A cursorial organism is one that is adapted specifically to run. An animal can be considered cursorial if it has the ability to run fast (e.g. Cheetah) or if it can keep a. Map of the study area and location of each survey route. The Minnesota wolf population's range expanded throughout the study's time frame, as indicated by the range maps created from wolf surveys.
To use a keyboard shortcut, press and hold one or more modifier keys and then press the last key of the shortcut. For example, to use Command-C (copy), press and hold the Command key, then the C key, then release both keys. Mac menus and keyboards often use symbols for certain keys, including modifier keys:
On keyboards made for Windows PCs, use the Alt key instead of Option, and the Windows logo key instead of Command.
Some keys on some Apple keyboards have special symbols and functions, such as for display brightness , keyboard brightness , Mission Control, and more. If these functions aren't available on your keyboard, you might be able to reproduce some of them by creating your own keyboard shortcuts. To use these keys as F1, F2, F3, or other standard function keys, combine them with the Fn key.
Cut, copy, paste, and other common shortcuts
- Command-X: Cut the selected item and copy it to the Clipboard.
- Command-C: Copy the selected item to the Clipboard. This also works for files in the Finder.
- Command-V: Paste the contents of the Clipboard into the current document or app. This also works for files in the Finder.
- Command-Z: Undo the previous command. You can then press Shift-Command-Z to Redo, reversing the undo command. In some apps, you can undo and redo multiple commands.
- Command-A: Select All items.
- Command-F: Find items in a document or open a Find window.
- Command-G: Find Again: Find the next occurrence of the item previously found. To find the previous occurrence, press Shift-Command-G.
- Command-H: Hide the windows of the front app. To view the front app but hide all other apps, press Option-Command-H.
- Command-M: Minimize the front window to the Dock. To minimize all windows of the front app, press Option-Command-M.
- Command-O: Open the selected item, or open a dialog to select a file to open.
- Command-P: Print the current document.
- Command-S: Save the current document.
- Command-T: Open a new tab.
- Command-W: Close the front window. To close all windows of the app, press Option-Command-W.
- Option-Command-Esc: Force quit an app.
- Command–Space bar: Show or hide the Spotlight search field. To perform a Spotlight search from a Finder window, press Command–Option–Space bar. (If you use multiple input sources to type in different languages, these shortcuts change input sources instead of showing Spotlight. Learn how to change a conflicting keyboard shortcut.)
- Control–Command–Space bar: Show the Character Viewer, from which you can choose emoji and other symbols.
- Control-Command-F: Use the app in full screen, if supported by the app.
- Space bar: Use Quick Look to preview the selected item.
- Command-Tab: Switch to the next most recently used app among your open apps.
- Shift-Command-5: In macOS Mojave or later, take a screenshot or make a screen recording. Or use Shift-Command-3 or Shift-Command-4 for screenshots. Learn more about screenshots.
- Shift-Command-N: Create a new folder in the Finder.
- Command-Comma (,): Open preferences for the front app.
Sleep, log out, and shut down shortcuts
You might need to press and hold some of these shortcuts for slightly longer than other shortcuts. This helps you to avoid using them unintentionally.
- Power button: Press to turn on your Mac or wake it from sleep. Press and hold for 1.5 seconds to put your Mac to sleep.* Continue holding to force your Mac to turn off.
- Option–Command–Power button* or Option–Command–Media Eject : Put your Mac to sleep.
- Control–Shift–Power button* or Control–Shift–Media Eject : Put your displays to sleep.
- Control–Power button* or Control–Media Eject : Display a dialog asking whether you want to restart, sleep, or shut down.
- Control–Command–Power button:* Force your Mac to restart, without prompting to save any open and unsaved documents.
- Control–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then restart your Mac. If any open documents have unsaved changes, you will be asked whether you want to save them.
- Control–Option–Command–Power button* or Control–Option–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then shut down your Mac. If any open documents have unsaved changes, you will be asked whether you want to save them.
- Control-Command-Q: Immediately lock your screen.
- Shift-Command-Q: Log out of your macOS user account. You will be asked to confirm. To log out immediately without confirming, press Option-Shift-Command-Q.
* Does not apply to the Touch ID sensor. Rocket planter mac os.
Finder and system shortcuts
- Command-D: Duplicate the selected files.
- Command-E: Eject the selected disk or volume.
- Command-F: Start a Spotlight search in the Finder window.
- Command-I: Show the Get Info window for a selected file.
- Command-R: (1) When an alias is selected in the Finder: show the original file for the selected alias. (2) In some apps, such as Calendar or Safari, refresh or reload the page. (3) In Software Update preferences, check for software updates again.
- Shift-Command-C: Open the Computer window.
- Shift-Command-D: Open the desktop folder.
- Shift-Command-F: Open the Recents window, showing all of the files you viewed or changed recently.
- Shift-Command-G: Open a Go to Folder window.
- Shift-Command-H: Open the Home folder of the current macOS user account.
- Shift-Command-I: Open iCloud Drive.
- Shift-Command-K: Open the Network window.
- Option-Command-L: Open the Downloads folder.
- Shift-Command-N: Create a new folder.
- Shift-Command-O: Open the Documents folder.
- Shift-Command-P: Show or hide the Preview pane in Finder windows.
- Shift-Command-R: Open the AirDrop window.
- Shift-Command-T: Show or hide the tab bar in Finder windows.
- Control-Shift-Command-T: Add selected Finder item to the Dock (OS X Mavericks or later)
- Shift-Command-U: Open the Utilities folder.
- Option-Command-D: Show or hide the Dock.
- Control-Command-T: Add the selected item to the sidebar (OS X Mavericks or later).
- Option-Command-P: Hide or show the path bar in Finder windows.
- Option-Command-S: Hide or show the Sidebar in Finder windows.
- Command–Slash (/): Hide or show the status bar in Finder windows.
- Command-J: Show View Options.
- Command-K: Open the Connect to Server window.
- Control-Command-A: Make an alias of the selected item.
- Command-N: Open a new Finder window.
- Option-Command-N: Create a new Smart Folder.
- Command-T: Show or hide the tab bar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window.
- Option-Command-T: Show or hide the toolbar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window.
- Option-Command-V: Move the files in the Clipboard from their original location to the current location.
- Command-Y: Use Quick Look to preview the selected files.
- Option-Command-Y: View a Quick Look slideshow of the selected files.
- Command-1: View the items in the Finder window as icons.
- Command-2: View the items in a Finder window as a list.
- Command-3: View the items in a Finder window in columns.
- Command-4: View the items in a Finder window in a gallery.
- Command–Left Bracket ([): Go to the previous folder.
- Command–Right Bracket (]): Go to the next folder.
- Command–Up Arrow: Open the folder that contains the current folder.
- Command–Control–Up Arrow: Open the folder that contains the current folder in a new window.
- Command–Down Arrow: Open the selected item.
- Right Arrow: Open the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
- Left Arrow: Close the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
- Command-Delete: Move the selected item to the Trash.
- Shift-Command-Delete: Empty the Trash.
- Option-Shift-Command-Delete: Empty the Trash without confirmation dialog.
- Command–Brightness Down: Turn video mirroring on or off when your Mac is connected to more than one display.
- Option–Brightness Up: Open Displays preferences. This works with either Brightness key.
- Control–Brightness Up or Control–Brightness Down: Change the brightness of your external display, if supported by your display.
- Option–Shift–Brightness Up or Option–Shift–Brightness Down: Adjust the display brightness in smaller steps. Add the Control key to this shortcut to make the adjustment on your external display, if supported by your display.
- Option–Mission Control: Open Mission Control preferences.
- Command–Mission Control: Show the desktop.
- Control–Down Arrow: Show all windows of the front app.
- Option–Volume Up: Open Sound preferences. This works with any of the volume keys.
- Option–Shift–Volume Up or Option–Shift–Volume Down: Adjust the sound volume in smaller steps.
- Option–Keyboard Brightness Up: Open Keyboard preferences. This works with either Keyboard Brightness key.
- Option–Shift–Keyboard Brightness Up or Option–Shift–Keyboard Brightness Down: Adjust the keyboard brightness in smaller steps.
- Option key while double-clicking: Open the item in a separate window, then close the original window.
- Command key while double-clicking: Open a folder in a separate tab or window.
- Command key while dragging to another volume: Move the dragged item to the other volume, instead of copying it.
- Option key while dragging: Copy the dragged item. The pointer changes while you drag the item.
- Option-Command while dragging: Make an alias of the dragged item. The pointer changes while you drag the item.
- Option-click a disclosure triangle: Open all folders within the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
- Command-click a window title: See the folders that contain the current folder.
- Learn how to use Command or Shift to select multiple items in the Finder.
- Click the Go menu in the Finder menu bar to see shortcuts for opening many commonly used folders, such as Applications, Documents, Downloads, Utilities, and iCloud Drive.
Document shortcuts
The behavior of these shortcuts may vary with the app you're using. Battleheart legacy mac os.
- Command-B: Boldface the selected text, or turn boldfacing on or off.
- Command-I: Italicize the selected text, or turn italics on or off.
- Command-K: Add a web link.
- Command-U: Underline the selected text, or turn underlining on or off.
- Command-T: Show or hide the Fonts window.
- Command-D: Select the Desktop folder from within an Open dialog or Save dialog.
- Control-Command-D: Show or hide the definition of the selected word.
- Shift-Command-Colon (:): Display the Spelling and Grammar window.
- Command-Semicolon (;): Find misspelled words in the document.
- Option-Delete: Delete the word to the left of the insertion point.
- Control-H: Delete the character to the left of the insertion point. Or use Delete.
- Control-D: Delete the character to the right of the insertion point. Or use Fn-Delete.
- Fn-Delete: Forward delete on keyboards that don't have a Forward Delete key. Or use Control-D.
- Control-K: Delete the text between the insertion point and the end of the line or paragraph.
- Fn–Up Arrow: Page Up: Scroll up one page.
- Fn–Down Arrow: Page Down: Scroll down one page.
- Fn–Left Arrow: Home: Scroll to the beginning of a document.
- Fn–Right Arrow: End: Scroll to the end of a document.
- Command–Up Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the document.
- Command–Down Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the document.
- Command–Left Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the current line.
- Command–Right Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the current line.
- Option–Left Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word.
- Option–Right Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the next word.
- Shift–Command–Up Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the beginning of the document.
- Shift–Command–Down Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the end of the document.
- Shift–Command–Left Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the beginning of the current line.
- Shift–Command–Right Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the end of the current line.
- Shift–Up Arrow: Extend text selection to the nearest character at the same horizontal location on the line above.
- Shift–Down Arrow: Extend text selection to the nearest character at the same horizontal location on the line below.
- Shift–Left Arrow: Extend text selection one character to the left.
- Shift–Right Arrow: Extend text selection one character to the right.
- Option–Shift–Up Arrow: Extend text selection to the beginning of the current paragraph, then to the beginning of the following paragraph if pressed again.
- Option–Shift–Down Arrow: Extend text selection to the end of the current paragraph, then to the end of the following paragraph if pressed again.
- Option–Shift–Left Arrow: Extend text selection to the beginning of the current word, then to the beginning of the following word if pressed again.
- Option–Shift–Right Arrow: Extend text selection to the end of the current word, then to the end of the following word if pressed again.
- Control-A: Move to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
- Control-E: Move to the end of a line or paragraph.
- Control-F: Move one character forward.
- Control-B: Move one character backward.
- Control-L: Center the cursor or selection in the visible area.
- Control-P: Move up one line.
- Control-N: Move down one line.
- Control-O: Insert a new line after the insertion point.
- Control-T: Swap the character behind the insertion point with the character in front of the insertion point.
- Command–Left Curly Bracket ({): Left align.
- Command–Right Curly Bracket (}): Right align.
- Shift–Command–Vertical bar (|): Center align.
- Option-Command-F: Go to the search field.
- Option-Command-T: Show or hide a toolbar in the app.
- Option-Command-C: Copy Style: Copy the formatting settings of the selected item to the Clipboard.
- Option-Command-V: Paste Style: Apply the copied style to the selected item.
- Option-Shift-Command-V: Paste and Match Style: Apply the style of the surrounding content to the item pasted within that content.
- Option-Command-I: Show or hide the inspector window.
- Shift-Command-P: Page setup: Display a window for selecting document settings.
- Shift-Command-S: Display the Save As dialog, or duplicate the current document.
- Shift–Command–Minus sign (-): Decrease the size of the selected item.
- Shift–Command–Plus sign (+): Increase the size of the selected item. Command–Equal sign (=) performs the same function.
- Shift–Command–Question mark (?): Open the Help menu.
Other shortcuts
For more shortcuts, check the shortcut abbreviations shown in the menus of your apps. Every app can have its own shortcuts, and shortcuts that work in one app might not work in another.
- Apple Music shortcuts: Choose Help > Keyboard shortcuts from the menu bar in the Music app.
- Other shortcuts: Choose Apple menu > System Preferences, click Keyboard, then click Shortcuts.
Learn more
- Create your own shortcuts and resolve conflicts between shortcuts
- Change the behavior of the function keys or modifier keys
A cursorial organism is one that is adapted specifically to run. An animal can be considered cursorial if it has the ability to run fast (e.g. cheetah) or if it can keep a constant speed for a long distance (high endurance). 'Cursorial' is often used to categorize a certain locomotor mode, which is helpful for biologists who examine behaviors of different animals and the way they move in their environment. Cursorial adaptations can be identified by morphological characteristics (e.g. loss of lateral digits as in ungulate species), physiological characteristics, maximum speed, and how often running is used in life. There is much debate over how to define a cursorial animal specifically.[1][2] The most accepted definitions include that a cursorial organism could be considered adapted to long-distance running at high speeds or has the ability to accelerate quickly over short distances. Among vertebrates, animals under 1 kg of mass are rarely considered cursorial, and cursorial behaviors and morphology is thought to only occur at relatively large body masses in mammals.[3] There are a few mammals that have been termed 'micro-cursors' that are less than 1 kg in mass and have the ability to run faster than other small animals of similar sizes.[4]
Some species of spiders are also considered cursorial, as they walk much of the day, looking for prey.
Cursorial adaptations[edit]
Terrestrial vertebrates[edit]
Adaptations for cursorial locomotion in terrestrial vertebrates include:
- Increased stride length by:
- Increased limb bone length
- Adoption of digitigrade or unguligrade stance
- Loss of clavicle in mammals, which allows the scapula to move forwards and backwards with the limb and thereby increase stride length.
- Increased spinal flexion during galloping
- Decreased distal limb weight (in order to minimize moment of inertia):
- Increase in mass of proximal muscles with decrease in mass of distal muscles
- Increase in length of distal limb bones (the manus and pes) rather than proximal ones (the brachium or thigh).
- Longer tendons in distal limb
- Decreased ability to move limbs outside of the sagittal plane, which increases stability.
- Reduction or loss of digits.
- Loss of ability to pronate and supinate the forearm (more specialized cursors)
- Hooves, hoof-like claws, or blunt claws for traction (as opposed to sharp claws for prey-capture or climbing)
Typically, cursors will have long, slender limbs mostly due to the elongation of distal limb proportions (metatarsals/metacarpals) and loss or reduction of lateral digits with a digitigrade or unguligrade foot posture.[1][2][5] These characters are understood to decrease weight in the distal portions of the limb which allows the individual to swing the limb faster (minimizing the moment of inertia).[6][7][8][9][10] This gives the individual the ability to move their legs fast and is assumed to contribute to the ability to produce higher speeds. A larger concentration of muscles at the pectoral and pelvic girdles, with less muscle and more tendons as you move distally down the limb, is the typical configuration for quadrupedal cursors (e.g. cheetah, greyhound, horse). All ungulates are considered cursorial based on these criteria, but in fact there are some ungulates that do not habitually run.[11] Elongation of the limbs does increase stride length, which has been suggested to be more correlated with larger home ranges and foraging patterns in ungulates.[12] Stride length can also be lengthened by the mobility of the shoulder girdle. Some cursorial mammals have a reduced or absent clavicle, which allows the scapula to slide forward across the ribcage.[8][13][14]
Mac Os Catalina
Cursorial animals tend to have increased elastic storage in their epaxial muscles, which allows them to store elastic energy while the spine flexes and extends in the dorso-ventral plane.[15] Furthermore, limbs in cursorially adapted mammals will tend to stay in the dorso-ventral (or sagittal) plane to increase stability when moving forward at high speeds, but this hinders the amount of lateral flexibility that limbs can have. Some felids are special in that they can pronate and supinate their forearms and run fast, but this is not the case in most other quadrupedal cursors.[8] Ungulates and canids have restricted motion in their limbs and therefore could be considered more specialized for cursorial locomotion. Several rodents are also considered cursorial (e.g. the mara, capybara, and agouti) and have similar characters to other cursorial mammals such as reduced digits, more muscles in the proximal portion than distal portion of the limb, and straight, sagittally oriented limbs.[16] Some rodents are bipedal and can hop quickly to move around, which is called ricochetal or saltatorial instead of cursorial.
There are also bipedal cursors. Humans are bipedal and considered to be built for endurance running. Several species of birds are also cursorial, mainly those that have attained larger body sizes (ostrich, greater rhea, emu). Most of the stride length in birds comes from movements below the knee joint, because the femur is situated horizontally and the knee joint sits more towards the front of the body, placing the feet below the center of mass.[17] Different birds will increase their speed in one of two ways: by increasing the frequency of footfalls or increasing the stride length.[18][19] Several studies have also found that many theropod dinosaurs (specifically coelurosaurs) were also cursorial to an extent.[2][5]
Cursorial Mac Os Catalina
Spiders[edit]
Spiders maintain balance when walking, so that legs 1 and 3 on one side and 2 and 4 on the other side are moving, while the other four legs are on the surface. To run faster, spiders increase their stride frequency.[20]
Cursorial taxa[edit]
Several notable taxa are cursorial, including some mammals (such as wolverines and wolves, ungulates, agoutis, and kangaroos) and birds (such as the ostrich), as well as some dinosaurs (such as theropods, and Heterodontosauridae). Several extinct archosaurs were also cursorial, including the crocodylomorphsPristichampsus, Hesperosuchus, and several genera within Notosuchia.
Jumping spiders and other non-web based spiders generally walk throughout the day, so that they maximize their chances of a catch,[21] and web-based spiders run away if threatened.[22]
Many Blattodea have very sensitive cursorial legs, that can be so specialized they run away at the puff of wind, such as the American cockroach. [23] Flip grip (itch) mac os.
Cursorial Mac Os Downloads
Terrestrial vertebrates[edit]
Adaptations for cursorial locomotion in terrestrial vertebrates include:
- Increased stride length by:
- Increased limb bone length
- Adoption of digitigrade or unguligrade stance
- Loss of clavicle in mammals, which allows the scapula to move forwards and backwards with the limb and thereby increase stride length.
- Increased spinal flexion during galloping
- Decreased distal limb weight (in order to minimize moment of inertia):
- Increase in mass of proximal muscles with decrease in mass of distal muscles
- Increase in length of distal limb bones (the manus and pes) rather than proximal ones (the brachium or thigh).
- Longer tendons in distal limb
- Decreased ability to move limbs outside of the sagittal plane, which increases stability.
- Reduction or loss of digits.
- Loss of ability to pronate and supinate the forearm (more specialized cursors)
- Hooves, hoof-like claws, or blunt claws for traction (as opposed to sharp claws for prey-capture or climbing)
Typically, cursors will have long, slender limbs mostly due to the elongation of distal limb proportions (metatarsals/metacarpals) and loss or reduction of lateral digits with a digitigrade or unguligrade foot posture.[1][2][5] These characters are understood to decrease weight in the distal portions of the limb which allows the individual to swing the limb faster (minimizing the moment of inertia).[6][7][8][9][10] This gives the individual the ability to move their legs fast and is assumed to contribute to the ability to produce higher speeds. A larger concentration of muscles at the pectoral and pelvic girdles, with less muscle and more tendons as you move distally down the limb, is the typical configuration for quadrupedal cursors (e.g. cheetah, greyhound, horse). All ungulates are considered cursorial based on these criteria, but in fact there are some ungulates that do not habitually run.[11] Elongation of the limbs does increase stride length, which has been suggested to be more correlated with larger home ranges and foraging patterns in ungulates.[12] Stride length can also be lengthened by the mobility of the shoulder girdle. Some cursorial mammals have a reduced or absent clavicle, which allows the scapula to slide forward across the ribcage.[8][13][14]
Mac Os Catalina
Cursorial animals tend to have increased elastic storage in their epaxial muscles, which allows them to store elastic energy while the spine flexes and extends in the dorso-ventral plane.[15] Furthermore, limbs in cursorially adapted mammals will tend to stay in the dorso-ventral (or sagittal) plane to increase stability when moving forward at high speeds, but this hinders the amount of lateral flexibility that limbs can have. Some felids are special in that they can pronate and supinate their forearms and run fast, but this is not the case in most other quadrupedal cursors.[8] Ungulates and canids have restricted motion in their limbs and therefore could be considered more specialized for cursorial locomotion. Several rodents are also considered cursorial (e.g. the mara, capybara, and agouti) and have similar characters to other cursorial mammals such as reduced digits, more muscles in the proximal portion than distal portion of the limb, and straight, sagittally oriented limbs.[16] Some rodents are bipedal and can hop quickly to move around, which is called ricochetal or saltatorial instead of cursorial.
There are also bipedal cursors. Humans are bipedal and considered to be built for endurance running. Several species of birds are also cursorial, mainly those that have attained larger body sizes (ostrich, greater rhea, emu). Most of the stride length in birds comes from movements below the knee joint, because the femur is situated horizontally and the knee joint sits more towards the front of the body, placing the feet below the center of mass.[17] Different birds will increase their speed in one of two ways: by increasing the frequency of footfalls or increasing the stride length.[18][19] Several studies have also found that many theropod dinosaurs (specifically coelurosaurs) were also cursorial to an extent.[2][5]
Cursorial Mac Os Catalina
Spiders[edit]
Spiders maintain balance when walking, so that legs 1 and 3 on one side and 2 and 4 on the other side are moving, while the other four legs are on the surface. To run faster, spiders increase their stride frequency.[20]
Cursorial taxa[edit]
Several notable taxa are cursorial, including some mammals (such as wolverines and wolves, ungulates, agoutis, and kangaroos) and birds (such as the ostrich), as well as some dinosaurs (such as theropods, and Heterodontosauridae). Several extinct archosaurs were also cursorial, including the crocodylomorphsPristichampsus, Hesperosuchus, and several genera within Notosuchia.
Jumping spiders and other non-web based spiders generally walk throughout the day, so that they maximize their chances of a catch,[21] and web-based spiders run away if threatened.[22]
Many Blattodea have very sensitive cursorial legs, that can be so specialized they run away at the puff of wind, such as the American cockroach. [23] Flip grip (itch) mac os.
Cursorial Mac Os Downloads
Cursorial Mac Os X
In evolutionary theory[edit]
The presumed cursorial nature of theropod dinosaurs is an important part of the ground-up theory of the evolution of bird flight (also called the Cursorial theory), a theory that contrasts with the idea that birds' pre-flight ancestors were arboreal species and puts forth that the flight apparatus may have been adapted to improve hunting by lengthening leaps and improving maneuverability.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abStein, B. R.; Casinos, A. (1997). 'What is a cursorial mammal?'. Journal of Zoology. 242 (1): 185–192. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb02939.x. ISSN1469-7998.
- ^ abcCarrano, M. T. (1999). 'What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for determining locomotor habit in mammals and dinosaurs'. Journal of Zoology. 247 (1): 29–42. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00190.x. ISSN1469-7998.
- ^Steudel, Karen; Beattie, Jeanne (1993). 'Scaling of cursoriality in mammals'. Journal of Morphology. 217 (1): 55–63. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052170105. ISSN1097-4687. PMID8411186. S2CID23878485.
- ^Lovegrove, Barry G.; Mowoe, Metobor O. (2014-04-15). 'The evolution of micro-cursoriality in mammals'. Journal of Experimental Biology. 217 (8): 1316–1325. doi:10.1242/jeb.095737. ISSN0022-0949. PMID24436375.
- ^ abCoombs, Walter P. (1978). 'Theoretical Aspects of Cursorial Adaptations in Dinosaurs'. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 53 (4): 393–418. doi:10.1086/410790. ISSN0033-5770. JSTOR2826581. S2CID84505681.
- ^Payne, R. C.; Hutchinson, J. R.; Robilliard, J. J.; Smith, N. C.; Wilson, A. M. (2005). 'Functional specialisation of pelvic limb anatomy in horses (Equus caballus)'. Journal of Anatomy. 206 (6): 557–574. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00420.x. ISSN1469-7580. PMC1571521. PMID15960766.
- ^Payne, R. C.; Veenman, P.; Wilson, A. M. (2005). 'The role of the extrinsic thoracic limb muscles in equine locomotion'. Journal of Anatomy. 206 (2): 193–204. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00353.x. ISSN1469-7580. PMC1571467. PMID15730484.
- ^ abcHudson, Penny E.; Corr, Sandra A.; Payne‐Davis, Rachel C.; Clancy, Sinead N.; Lane, Emily; Wilson, Alan M. (2011). 'Functional anatomy of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) forelimb'. Journal of Anatomy. 218 (4): 375–385. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01344.x. ISSN1469-7580. PMC3077521. PMID21332715.
- ^Hudson, Penny E.; Corr, Sandra A.; Payne‐Davis, Rachel C.; Clancy, Sinead N.; Lane, Emily; Wilson, Alan M. (2011). 'Functional anatomy of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) hindlimb'. Journal of Anatomy. 218 (4): 363–374. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01310.x. ISSN1469-7580. PMC3077520. PMID21062282.
- ^Hudson, Penny E.; Corr, Sandra A.; Wilson, Alan M. (2012-07-15). 'High speed galloping in the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the racing greyhound (Canis familiaris): spatio-temporal and kinetic characteristics'. Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (14): 2425–2434. doi:10.1242/jeb.066720. ISSN0022-0949. PMID22723482.
- ^Barr, W. Andrew (2014). 'Functional morphology of the bovid astragalus in relation to habitat: Controlling phylogenetic signal in ecomorphology'. Journal of Morphology. 275 (11): 1201–1216. doi:10.1002/jmor.20279. ISSN1097-4687. PMID25042704. S2CID19573938.
- ^Janis, Christine M.; Wilhelm, Patricia Brady (1993-06-01). 'Were there mammalian pursuit predators in the tertiary? Dances with wolf avatars'. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 1 (2): 103–125. doi:10.1007/BF01041590. ISSN1573-7055. S2CID22739360.
- ^Hildebrand, Milton (1960). 'HOW ANIMALS RUN'. Scientific American. 202 (5): 148–160. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0560-148. ISSN0036-8733. JSTOR24940484. PMID13852321.
- ^Seckel, Lauren; Janis, Christine (2008-05-30). 'Convergences in Scapula Morphology among Small Cursorial Mammals: An Osteological Correlate for Locomotory Specialization'. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 15 (4): 261. doi:10.1007/s10914-008-9085-7. ISSN1573-7055. S2CID22353187.
- ^Galis, Frietson; Carrier, David R.; Alphen, Joris van; Mije, Steven D. van der; Dooren, Tom J. M. Van; Metz, Johan A. J.; Broek, Clara M. A. ten (2014-08-05). 'Fast running restricts evolutionary change of the vertebral column in mammals'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (31): 11401–11406. doi:10.1073/pnas.1401392111. ISSN0027-8424. PMC4128151. PMID25024205.
- ^Elissamburu, A.; Vizcaíno, S. F. (2004). 'Limb proportions and adaptations in caviomorph rodents (Rodentia: Caviomorpha)'. Journal of Zoology. 262 (2): 145–159. doi:10.1017/S0952836903004485. ISSN1469-7998.
- ^Jones, Terry D.; Farlow, James O.; Ruben, John A.; Henderson, Donald M.; Hillenius, Willem J. (August 2000). 'Cursoriality in bipedal archosaurs'. Nature. 406 (6797): 716–718. doi:10.1038/35021041. ISSN1476-4687. PMID10963594. S2CID4395244.
- ^Abourachid, Anick; Renous, Sabine (2000). 'Bipedal locomotion in ratites (Paleognatiform): examples of cursorial birds'. Ibis. 142 (4): 538–549. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2000.tb04455.x. ISSN1474-919X.
- ^Abourachid, Anick (2000-11-01). 'Bipedal locomotion in birds: the importance of functional parameters in terrestrial adaptation in Anatidae'. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78 (11): 1994–1998. doi:10.1139/z00-112. ISSN0008-4301.
- ^Anderson, D. T. (1998). 'The Chelicerata'. In D. T. Anderson (ed.). Invertebrate Zoology (1 ed.). Oxford University Press Australia. p. 328. ISBN0-19-553941-9.
- ^Forster, Lyn M. (Nov 1977). 'Some factors affecting feeding behaviour in young Trite auricoma spiderlings (Araneae: Salticidae)'. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. The Royal Society of New Zealand. 4 (4): 435–442. doi:10.1080/03014223.1977.9517967. Retrieved 24 April 2011.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^Wilcox, R. Stimson; Jackson, Robert R. (1998). 'Cognitive Abilities of Araneophagic Jumping Spiders'. In Balda, Russell P.; Pepperberg, Irene Maxine; Kamil, Alan C. (eds.). Animal cognition in nature: the convergence of psychology and biology in laboratory and field. Academic Press. p. 418. ISBN978-0-12-077030-4. Retrieved 23 May 2011.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^Camhi, J.M; Tom, W. (1978). 'The Escape Behavior of the Cockroach, Periplaneta americana'. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 128: 193–201. doi:10.1007/BF00656852.